Publications

Hubley, C., Edwards, J., Miele, D.B., & Scholer, A.A. (in press). Metamotivational beliefs about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Le, P.Q., Scholer, A.A., & Fujita, K. (in press). The role of conflict representation in abstinence versus moderation in self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Miele, D.B., Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (in press). Motivation and performance: A dynamic systems approach. In D.E. Carlston, K. Hugenburg, & K. Johnson (Eds). The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2023

Britton, E., Laurin, K., Grossmann, I., Dorfman, A., Oakes, H., & Scholer, A.A. (2023). The dynamics of self-control conflicts in daily life in predicting self-control success and perceived self-regulatory effectiveness. Collabra.

Elnakouri, A., Rossignac-Milon, M., Krueger, K.L., Forest, A., Higgins, E.T., & Scholer, A.A. (2023). In it together: Sharing reality with instrumental others is linked to goal success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Jansen, E.J., Danckert, J., Seli, P., Scholer, A.A. (2023). Under pressure: Locomotion and assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic. Self and Identity, 22, 1-18.

Lapka, S., Kung, F.Y.H., Brienza, J., & Scholer, A.A. (2023). Determined yet dehumanized: People higher in self-control are seen as more robotic. Social and Personality Psychological Science, 14, 117-129.

Nguyen, T., Scholer, A.A., Miele, D.B., Edwards, M., & Fujita, K. (2023). Predicting academic performance with an assessment of students’ knowledge of the benefits of high-level and low-level construal. Social and Personality Psychological Science, 14, 195-206.

Phan, V., Nishioka, M., Scholer, A.A., & Beck, J.W. (2023). Goal progress velocity as a determinant of shortcut behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108, 553–570.

Reeves, S.L., Nguyen, T., Scholer, A.A., Fujita, K., & Spencer, S.J. (2023). Examining people’s beliefs about the benefits of self-affirmation for mitigating self-threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Ross, J., Nguyen, T., Fujita, K., Miele, D.B., Edwards, M., & Scholer, A.A. (2023). The relationship between metamotivational knowledge and performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 14: 1124171.

2022

Brosowsky, N.P., Barr, N., Mugon, J., Scholer, A.A., Seli, P., & Danckert, J. (2022). Creativity, boredom proneness, and mental well-being in the pandemic. Behavioral Sciences, 12, 68.

Hubley, C., & Scholer, A.A. (2022). Melting COVID-frozen goals: How goal disengagement supports well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Motivation and Emotion, 46, 752-768.

Jansen, E.J., Miele, D.B., Fujita, K., & Scholer, A.A. (2022). Managing the motivation of others: Do managers recognize how to manage regulatory focus in subordinates? Motivation Science, 8, 330-345.

Nguyen, T., Togawa, T., Scholer, A.A., Miele, D.B., & Fujita, K. (2022). A cross-cultural investigation of metamotivational beliefs about regulatory focus task-motivation fit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48, 807-820.

2021

Boylan, J.A., Seli, P., Scholer, A.A., & Danckert, J. (2021). Boredom in the pandemic: Trait boredom proneness, the desire to act, and rule-breaking. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110387.

Danckert, J., Brosowsky, N.P., Van Tilburg, W., Scholer, A.A., Boylan, J., & Seli, P. (2021). Boredom proneness, political orientation, and adherence to social-distancing in the pandemic. Motivation and Emotion, 45, 631-640.

Grossmann, I., Dorfman, A., Oakes, H., Santos, H. C., Vohs, K. D., & Scholer, A.A. (2021). Training for wisdom: The distanced self-reflection diary method. Psychological Science, 32, 381-394.

Kung, F.Y.H., & Scholer, A.A. (2021). Moving beyond two goals: An integrative review and framework for the study of multiple goals. Personality and Social Psychology, Review, 25, 130-158.

Struk, A.A., Scholer, A.A., & Danckert, J. (2021). Perceptions of control influence feelings of boredom. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 687623.

2020

Cortes, K., Britton, E., Holmes, J. & Scholer, A.A. (2020). Our adventures make me feel secure: Novel activities boost relationship satisfaction through felt security. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 89, 103992.

Kung, F.Y.H., & Scholer, A.A. (2020). The pursuit of multiple goals. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14, e12509.

Miele, D.B., Scholer, A.A., & Fujita, K. (2020). Metamotivation: Emerging research on the regulation of motivational states. Advances in Motivation Science, 7, 1-42.

Nguyen, T., Togawa, T., Scholer, A.A., & Fujita, K. (2020). A cross-cultural investigation of metamotivational knowledge of construal level in the United States and Japan. Motivation Science, 6, 386-400.

Struk, A., Scholer, A.A., Danckert, J., & Seli, P. (2020). Rich environments, dull experiences: How environment can exacerbate the effect of constraint on the experience of boredom. Cognition and Emotion, 34, 1517-1523.

Zou, X., Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2020). Risk preference: How decision maker’s goal, current value state, and choice set work together. Psychological Review, 127, 74-94.

2019

Cornwell, J.M.F., Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2019). Approach and avoidance dynamics: How expanding the scope informs motivation science. Psychological Inquiry, 30, 165-171.

Fujita, K., Scholer, A.A., Miele, D.B., & Nguyen, T. (2019). On metamotivation: Consumers' knowledge about the role of construal level in enhancing task performance. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 4, 57-64.

Mostafapour, M., Meyer, S.B., & Scholer, A.A., & (2019). Exploring the effect of risk and benefit information provision on vaccination decision-making. Vaccine, 37, 6750-6759.

Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J.J., Scholer, A.A., Miele, D.B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, 876-899.

Scholer, A.A., Cornwell, J.M.F., & Higgins, E.T. (2019). Should we approach approach and avoid avoidance? An inquiry from different levels. Psychological Inquiry, 30, 111-124.

Scholer, A.A., Cornwell, J.M., & Higgins, E.T. (2019). Regulatory focus theory and research: Catching up and looking forward after 20 years. In R. Ryan (Ed.) Oxford Handbook of Motivation, Volume 2. (pp. 47-66). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sokolowski, M., Scholer, A.A., & Danckert, J. (2019). Reply to [Lyon et al.]: Self regulation and the foraging gene: from flies to humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 15768-15769.

Struk, A., Mugon, J., Huston, A., Scholer, A.A., Stadler, G. Higgins, E.T., Sokolowski, M., & Danckert, J. (2019). Self-regulation and the foraging gene (PRKG1) in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 4434-4439.

2018

Cortes, K. , Scholer, A.A., Kohler, A., & Cavallo, J.V. (2018). Perceiving relationship success through a motivational lens: A regulatory focus perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 795-808.

Klinger, J.A., Scholer, A.A., Molden, D.C., & Hui, C.M. (2018). Effortful experiences of self-control foster lay theories that self-control is limited. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 1-13.

Kung, F.Y.H., & Scholer, A.A. (2018). Message framing influences perceptions of feedback (in)directness. Social Cognition, 36, 626-670.

Kung, F.Y.H., & Scholer, A.A. (2018). A network model of goals boosts convergent creativity performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-12.

Miele, D.B., & Scholer, A.A. (2018). The role of metamotivational monitoring in motivation regulation. Educational Psychologist, 53, 1-21.

Molden, D.C., Hui, C.M., & Scholer, A.A. (2018). What limit self-control? A motivated effort-allocation account. In de Ridder, D., Adriaanse, M., & Fujita, K. (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Control in Health and Wellbeing (pp. 129-142). London: Routledge.

Scholer, A.A., Miele, D.B., Murayama, K., & Fujita, K. (2018). New directions in self-regulation: The role of metamotivational beliefs. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 437-442.

2017

Beck, J.W., Scholer, A.A., & Hughes, J. (2017). Divergent effects of distance versus velocity disturbances on emotional experiences during goal pursuit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 1109-1123.

Beck, J.W., Scholer, A.A., & Schmidt, A.M. (2017). Workload, risks, and goal framing as antecedents of short-cut behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 421-440.

Hughes, J. , & Scholer, A.A. (2017). When wanting the best goes right or wrong: Distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive maximization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 570-583.

Molden, D.C., Hall, A., Hui, C.M., & Scholer, A.A. (2017) Understanding how identity and value motivate self-regulation is necessary but not sufficient: A motivated effort-allocation perspective, Psychological Inquiry, 28, 113-121.

Scholer, A.A., Eitam, B., Stadler, G., & Higgins, E.T. (2017). How locomotion concerns influence perceptual judgments. Social Cognition, 35, 227-244.

2016

Scholer, A.A., & Miele, D.B. (2016). The role of metamotivation in creating task-motivation fit. Motivation Science, 2, 171-197.

Miele, D.B., & Scholer, A.A. (2016). Self-regulation of motivation. In D.B. Miele and K.R. Wentzel (Eds). Handbook of Motivation at School. (pp. 363-384). New York: Taylor and Francis.

Molden, D.C., Hui, C.M., & Scholer, A.A. (2016). Understanding self-regulation failure: A motivated effort-allocation account. In E.R. Hirt, J.J. Clarkson, & L. Jia (Eds). Self-Regulation and Ego Control. (pp. 426-459). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.

Struk, A.A., Scholer, A.A., & Danckert, J. (2016). A self-regulatory approach to understanding boredom proneness. Cognition and Emotion, 30, 1388-1401.

Zou, X. & Scholer, A.A. (2016). Motivational affordance and risk preference across decision domains. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 275-289.

2015

Bohns, V.K.*, Scholer, A.A.*, & Rehman, U. (2015). Implicit theories of attraction. Social Cognition, 33, 284-307. *Shared first authorship

Higgins, E.T., & Scholer, A.A. (2015). Goal pursuit functions: Working together. In M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver, E. Borgida, & J.A. Bargh (Eds). APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and Social Cognition. (pp. 843-889). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Stroessner, S.J., Scholer, A.A., Marx, D.M., & Weisz, D.M. (2015). When threat matters: Self-regulation, threat salience, and stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 77-89.

2014

Cortes, K., Kammrath, L.K., Scholer, A.A., & Peetz, J. (2014). Self-regulating the effortful “Do’s” in relationships: A domain specific approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 380-397.

Meier, B. P., Scholer, A. A., & Fincher-Kiefer, R. (2014). Conceptual metaphor theory and person perception. In M. J. Landau, M. D. Robinson, and B. P. Meier (Eds). Metaphorical thought in social life. (pp. 43-64). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Scholer, A.A. (2014). When Saying Yes to the Doughnut Is Not Saying No To Self-Control: A Hierarchical Approach to Flexibility in Conflict Representation. In J. Forgas & E. Harmon-Jones (Eds.). The Control Within: Motivation and its Regulation. (pp. 247-262). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Scholer, A.A., Ozaki, Y., & Higgins, E.T. (2014). Inflating and deflating the self: Sustaining motivational concerns through self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 60-73.

Zou, X.*, Scholer, A.A.*, & Higgins, E.T. (2014). In pursuit of progress: When risk-seeking serves promotion in the domain of gains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 183-201. *Shared first authorship

2013

Kammrath, L.K., & Scholer, A.A. (2013). The Cognitive-Affective Processing System. In I.B. Weiner (Ed.) Handbook of Psychology, Volume 5. (pp. 161-181). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Press.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2013). Dodging monsters and dancing with dreams: Success and failure at different levels of approach and avoidance. Emotion Review, 5, 254-258.

2012

Higgins, E.T., Marguc, J., & Scholer, A.A. (2012). Value from adversity: How we deal with adversity matters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 965-967.

Molden, D.C., Hui, C.M., Scholer, A.A., Meier, B.P., Noreen, E.E., Martin, V., & D’Agostino, P.R. (2012). The motivational versus metabolic role of carbohydrates in self-control. Psychological Science, 23, 1137-1144.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2012). Commitment to change from locomotion motivation during deliberation. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 114-129.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2012). Too much of a good thing? Trade-offs in promotion and prevention focus. In R. Ryan (Ed.) Oxford Handbook of Motivation. (pp. 65-84). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2011

Kammrath, L.K., & Scholer, A.A. (2011). The Pollyanna myth: How highly agreeable people judge positive and negative relational acts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1172-1184.

2010

Scholer, A.A. & Higgins, E.T. (2010). Regulatory focus in a demanding world. In R. Hoyle (Ed). Handbook of Personality and Self-Regulation. (pp. 291-314). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2010). Promotion and prevention systems: Regulatory focus dynamics within self-regulatory hierarchies. In R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds). Handbook of Self-Regulation (2nd Ed.). (pp. 143-161). New York: Guilford Press.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2010). Targeting control at different levels of self-regulation. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Self-Control in Society, Mind, and Brain. (pp. 312-334). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scholer, A.A., Zou, X., Fujita, K., Stroessner, S.J., & Higgins, E.T. (2010). When risk seeking becomes a motivational necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 215-231.

2009

Higgins, E.T., & Scholer, A.A. (2009). Engaging the consumer: The science and art of the value creation process. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 100-114.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2009). Exploring the complexities of value creation: The role of engagement strength. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 137-143.

2008

Cesario, J., Higgins, E.T., & Scholer, A.A. (2008). Regulatory fit and persuasion: Basic principles and remaining questions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 444-463.

Higgins, E.T. & Scholer, A. A. (2008). When is personality revealed?: A motivated cognition approach. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L.A. Pervin, (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (Third edition). (pp. 182-207). New York: Guilford Press.

Higgins, E.T., Camacho, C. J., Idson, L.C., Spiegel, S., & Scholer, A.A. (2008). How making the same decision in a “proper” way creates value. Social Cognition, 26, 496-514.

Scholer, A.A. & Higgins, E.T. (2008). People as resources: Exploring the functionality of warm and cold. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1111-1120.

Scholer, A.A., & Higgins, E.T. (2008). Distinguishing levels of approach and avoidance: An analysis using regulatory focus theory. In A.J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation. (pp. 489-504). New York: Psychology Press.

Scholer, A.A., Stroessner, S.J., & Higgins, E.T. (2008). Responding to negativity: How a risky tactic can serve a vigilant strategy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 767-774.

2007

Kammrath, L.K., Ames, D.R., & Scholer, A.A. (2007). Keeping up impressions: Inferential rules for impression change across the Big Five. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 450-457.

Stroessner, S.J., & Scholer, A.A. (2007). Making things better and worse: Multiple motives in stereotyping and prejudice. In J. Shah & W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation Science. (pp. 576-590). New York: Guilford Press.